Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 1997
Cambodia, 1997
Get MicrodataIdentification
KHM-NIS-CSES-1997-v1
Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 1997
Ang Ket Setha Kech Sang Kum Kech Kampuchea 1997
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | Cam |
Socio-Economic/Monitoring Survey [hh/sems]
Cambodia Socio- Economic Survey (CSES) 1997 is the first of two surveys sponsored by the Capacity Development for Socio-Economic Surveys and Planning Project. The second will be conducted 1999.
The immediate objective of the Survey is the development of institutional capacity of the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning (MOP) to implement a demand driven multi-purpose living standards household survey based data collection system which produces regular, timely and relevant feed back to government policy makers. The project has provided technical assistance for the conduct of two large scale multi-objective national household surveys, the first one in 1997 and the second to be conducted in 1998/99. The primary objective of Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 1997 was to obtain data for the measurement of living standards in geographic stratification and different segments of the Cambodian society. The other objectives were to provide information needed by a variety of users such as government institutions, donor agencies, non- government organizations; to assist NIS to train its staff in planning, designing and conducting a household based survey system and institutionalize survey taking capability. The expansion of the scope of the survey to meet the data needs of a wide variety of users and thus minimize the duplication of household surveys and promote the acceptance of CSES as the national household survey programme was also an important objective.
Sample survey data [ssd]
-
Individual
-
Household
Version
- v01: Edited and anonymized data.
1997-06-10
Scope
The objective of Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 1997 was to obtain data for the measurement of living standards in geographic stratification and different segments of the Cambodian society. The other objectives were to provide information needed by a variety of users such as government institutions, donor agencies, non- government organizations; to assist NIS to train its staff in planning, designing and conducting a household based survey system and institutionalize survey taking capability. The expansion of the scope of the survey to meet the data needs of a wide variety of users and thus minimize the duplication of household surveys and promote the acceptance of CSES as the national household survey programme was also an important objective
| Topic | Vocabulary | URI |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| Education | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| Economic Characteristics | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| Health | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| Housing and Environment | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| Household Consumption Expenditure | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| Household Assets and Liabilities | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| Fertility, Mortality and Child Care | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
| Household’s Access to Water, Firewood and Fodder | CESSDA | http://www.nesstar.org/rdf/common |
Coverage
The sample was designed to provide estimates of the indicators at :
National (24 provinces) Phnom Penh, Other Urban and Other Rural Plain, Tonle Sap, Coastal, and Plateau/Mountain
Group of Provinces
-
Banteay Meanchey
-
Battambang
-
Kampong Cham
-
Kampong Chhnang
-
Kampong Speu
-
Kampong Thom
-
Kampot
-
Kandal
-
Koh Kong
-
Kratie
-
Mondul Kiri
-
Phnom Penh
-
Preah Vihear
-
Prey Veng
-
Pursat
-
Ratanak Kiri
-
Siem Reap
-
Preah Sihanouk
-
Stung Treng
-
Svay Rieng
-
Takeo
-
Oddar Meanchey
-
Kep
-
Pailin
Select sample households from non-institutional households (All regular residents in Cambodia) in Cambodia.
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics | NIS |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| World Bank | Project Executing Agency |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| United Nations Development Program | Funding |
| World Bank | Funding |
| the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency | Funding |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mr. Nicholas Prescott | World Bank | Technical Adviser on Survey Design and Implementation |
| Mr. R. B. M. Korale | Senior Statistics Adviser | Technical Direction and Training Cambodian Statisticians |
Sampling
A two stage stratified sampling design with the villages as the first stage units (PSU's) and households as the second stage units(SSU's) was used in the sampling strategy:
- First Stage Selection
In the first stage the villages or primary sampling units ( PSU’s ) were drawn from
each domain. Within the three domains the villages were arranged by geographic codes with
the villages grouped within communes and the communes within districts and districts within
the provinces providing for some implicit stratification. The villages that had geographic
codes also had the reported number of households based on the frame. The latter was used as
the measure of size (MOS) in deriving the cumulated list for sampling. The sample villages
were selected using the systematic sampling method with a random start with probability
proportional to size method (PPS). The selection of sample villages was carried out through
the use of a computer program.
- The Second Stage Selection
For each selected village (PSU) a field listing was undertaken and let the actual
number of households listed in the PSU be Mhi
- ,
then the probability of selecting a household in the i th PSU in the h th domain is
ph( j / i ) = nh / Mhi
where nh is equal to 10 in domains 1 and 2 and 15 for domain 3. Circular systematic
random sampling with a random start was used to select households. The sampling interval
would be equal to the current estimate of households in the PSU ascertained through the
listing operation divided by 10 in the urban domains and 15 in the rural domain..
Please see Sample Selection in report or technical report of external resources
The sampling design for the CSES 1997 considered several factors including the precision of data required by the users, the capacity of the national statistics office to conduct the survey, and most importantly the time constraint imposed to complete survey field work before the end of July 1997. Taking into account these factors, and specially the experience gained from the two socio-economic surveys conducted in 1993/94 and 1996, including estimates of feasible work loads, a sample of 6000 households to be selected from 474 villages was considered to be sufficient and manageable.
The design also took into consideration the need for separate analyses of three geographical domains, namely Phnom Penh, other urban areas aggregated together, and the rural area. In deciding the sample allocation to the three domains, it was decided that a size of around 1000 households would be adequate for the first two domains and the rest should be allocated to Domain 3 - Rural area, since it was envisaged that more detailed analysis of the poverty groups in this domain would be undertaken.
Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents had cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent’s fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.
The estimates have been formed by weighting the data from the sample households to provide estimates that relate to all households in each domain. The weighting factors were calculated based on the probabilities of selection for the sample
The design weights are used to compensate for differences in the selection probabilities. The weight for the PSU is inversely proportional to its selection probability.
The probability of selection of j th household in normal size PSU's and blocks in the h th domain is
ph( i ) x ph( j / i ) = ph( ij ) ( Eq. 3 )
where ph( i ) = ah Mhi / Mh
and ph( j / i ) = nh / Mhi*
Thus the design weights whij for these units are
whij = 1 / ph( ij )
Mh x Mhi*
= ----------------------- ( Eq. 4 )
ah x Mhi x nhFor the large PSU's which were segmented, the probability of selection of the jth household in the sth segment in the ith PSU in the hth domain is
ph( i ) x ph( s / i ) x ph( j / is ) = ph( isj ) ( Eq. 5 )
where ph( i ) = ah Mhi / Mh
ph( s / i ) = 1 / si
and ph( j / is ) = nh / Mhis* ( Eq. 6 ) The design weight for such large PSU is
whisj = 1 / ph( isj )
Mh x Mhis* x si
= ------------------------------ (Eq. 7 )
ah x Mhi x nhThe design for CSES is not self weighting and therefore it is necessary to compute weight for each PSU, block or segment selected in the sample and these weights have to be used in the estimation procedure.
Survey instrument
The CSES 1997 questionnaire comprises 4 forms, namely:
Form 1: Listign of Households in the Village
Form 2: Village Questionnaire
Form 3: Core Questionnaire for Households
Form 4: Social Sector Household Module
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 1997-06-01 | 1997-06-30 |
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics | Ministry of Planning |
The supervisor is responsible for
(i) administering the Village Questionnaires (Form 2),
(ii) preparing the two Household Questionnaires for each village (for example, completing certain information on the Cover Page of each questionnaire, as described in this manual),
(iii) checking all completed questionnaires to ensure that they have been filled up completely and well, and
(iv) for making random visits to households that have been interviewed by interviewer to make sure that the answers are consistent with the completed questionnaire.
(v) The supervisor is also expected to occasionally observe interviewers while they are conducting household interviews, especially during the first one or two weeks of the field work.
The district-level supervisor is responsible for checking the village questionnaires and for monitoring the survey's overall progress in those villages.
Each interviewer was assigned selected villages based on the sampling procedure. In order to complete the data collection activity within the planned time frame, each enumerator was assigned about 30/ 45 households in three or four villages. The questionnaires were filled by the method of personal interview.
A pre-listing of households was undertaken by the enumerator to generate the current list of households, which was essential to select the sample households based on the systematic sampling procedure. In addition to preparing a current list of buildings, housing units and households certain additional information such as the number of household members, principal economic activity of the household was also collected.
After the selection of sample households, the selected households were revisited to interview one or more responsible members of the household to fill in the core and social sector questionnaires. Before or after the household interviews, the enumerator interviewed the head of the village and other key informants to canvass information for the village questionnaire.
The field control procedures provided for the supervisors to inspect and make on the spot checks while the interview was being conducted and they were also required to re-interview a sub-sample of the households already interviewed by the enumerators under his supervision. To ensure effective supervision through inspections and re interviews, adequate funds were allocated for the payment of honoraria to supervisors for their supervisory duties. Some of the core group staff functioned as area coordinators and they were in over all charge of supervision as well as the coordination of the areas assigned to them. There was also a visit of the Minister of Planning and the Under Secretary of State MOP, Project Staff and Senior NIS Staff in Mid June 1997 to encourage the field staff and to study the operational issues and problems encountered in field work.
Despite the length of the questionnaire, the respondents cooperated with the survey staff and provided answers to both questionnaires and it was possible to achieve a 100% response rate. At this stage it is not possible to comment on item non-response, and completeness of information provided by the respondents, and the respondent's fatigue arising from the length of the interviews which may have had a bearing on these issues.
Data processing
All completed questionnaires were brought to NIS for processing. Although completed questionnaires were checked and edited by supervisors in the field, specially because of the length of questionnaires and the complexity of the topics covered the need for manual editing and coding by trained staff was accepted as an essential priority activity to produce a cleaned data file without delay. In all, 39 staff comprising 35 processing staff and 4 supervisors were trained for three days by the project staff. An instruction manual for manual editing and coding was prepared and translated into Khmer for the guidance of processing staff. Manual processing of questionnaires commenced in mid August 1997.
In order to produce an unedited data file, keying in the data as recorded by field enumerators and supervisors, (without subjecting data to manual edit as required by the Analysis Component Project staff), it was necessary to structure manual editing as a two-phase operation. Thus in the first phase, the processing staff coded the questions such as those on migration, industry, and occupation which required coding. Editing was restricted to selected structural edits and some error corrections. These edits were restricted to checking the completeness and consistency of responses, legibility, and totaling of selected questions. Error corrections were made without canceling or obliterating the original entry made by the enumerator, by inserting the correction close to the original entry.
Much of the manual editing was carried out in the second phase, after key entry and one hundred percent verification and extraction of error print outs. A wide range of errors had to be corrected which was expected in view of the complexity of the survey and the skill background of the enumeration and processing staff. The manual edits involved the correction of errors arising from incorrect key entry, in-correct/ failure to include identification, miss-coding of answers, failure to follow skip patterns, misinterpretation of measures, range errors, and other consistency errors.
Data appraisal
The results obtained from the survey are subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors in surveys occur as a result of limiting the survey observations to a subset rather than the whole population. These errors are related to the sample size selected and sampling design adopted in the survey. In order to maintain these errors within acceptable levels, the efficient sampling design with the sample allocation described earlier was adopted.
In addition to sampling errors, the estimates are also subject to non-sampling errors that arise in different stages of any survey operation. These include
-
errors that are introduced at the preparatory stage
-
errors committed during data collection including those committed by interviewers and respondents
-
processing errors
The first item includes errors arising from questionnaire design, preparation of definitions and instructions, preparation of table formats etc. The other two categories are clear from the terminology used. The use of trained enumerators and processing staff and careful organization and thorough supervision are essential to control and minimize these errors.
As already referred to, it was possible to obtain responses from all the villages and
households that were sampled, and thus it was not necessary to adjust the data for non-response. Thus the bias that is introduced into the estimates as a result of non-response was avoided.
The standard error of a survey estimate provides a measure of how far the survey estimate is likely to vary from the true population value(i.e. parameter ) as a result of having collected the data on a sample basis rather through a complete census. The standard error se(r) of a survey estimate is by definition
se( r ) = var( r )^1/2
The relative standard error or coefficient of variation ( cv ), on the other hand provides a measure of the relative variance of a survey estimate; that is the magnitude of the estimated sampling error relative to the magnitude of the estimate itself. The cv that is expressed as a proportional error enables the data user to compare the relative reliability or precision with which different types of survey characteristics have been measured eg. Means versus proportions, where direct comparisons of standard errors are uninformative since the magnitude of the standard error is dependent upon the magnitude of the estimate
The results provide estimates at the level of the three domains Phnom Penh, other urban areas, and the rural sector into which the entire geographical area covered by the survey was divided. The survey design has provided for statistically reliable estimates for most characteristics at these levels of stratification.
The expenditure data from CSES 1997 presented here are not strictly comparable with the data from the SESC 1993/94, which canvassed very detailed data on consumer expenditure. SESC 1993/94 collected data on over 450 items of consumption expenditure, the type of information required to establish weights in the construction of consumer price indices. At that level of disagregation it is possible to achieve results closer to actual consumption levels. Such surveys are required infrequently once in 5 –7 years because of costs and time involved in designing, conducting and processing such surveys. CSES 1997 had used a shorter list comprising 33 commonly used consumer items that were considered to be adequate to monitor consumption expenditure over time. In addition to this issue arising from differences in the scope of the two surveys, the researchers should take note of the decline in household size and changes in household structure which are important determinants of household expenditure.
Distributor information
| Organization name |
|---|
| National Institute of Statistics |
Data Access
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics | NIS | www.nis.gov.kh | dusc@nis.gov.kh |
| Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? | Confidentiality declaration text |
|---|---|
| yes | All information collected in this survey is strictly confidential and will be used for statistical purposes only. The Statistics Law Article 22 specifies matters of confidentiality. It explicitly says that all staff working with statistics within the Government of Cambodia "shall ensure confidentiality of all individual information obtained from respondents, except under special circumstances with the consent of the Minister of Planning. The information collected under this Law is to be used only for statistical purposes." |
-
The data and other materials will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organizations without the written agreement of the National Institute of Statistics.
-
The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
-
No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identity of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the National Institute of Statistics.
-
No attempt will be made to produce links among datasets provided by the National Institute of Statistics, or among data from the National Institute of Statistics and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
-
Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the National Institute of Statistics will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
-
An electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the requested data will be sent to the National Institute of Statistics.
"National Institute of Statistics of Ministry of Planning of Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 1997 (CSES 1997), Version1.0 of the public use dataset (June 1998), provide by the National Institute of Statistics. www.nis.gov.kh"
Disclaimer and copyrights
NIS gratefully acknowledges the technical assistance provided by UNDP and SIDA for sponsoring the project and the survey, and the World Bank for their participation from the project identification stage itself and sharing the responsibility for project implementation as the project executing agency.
(c) 1997, National Institute of Statistics
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director General | NIS | dusc@nis.gov.kh | www.nis.gov.kh |
| Director, ICT Department | NIS | lundysaint@yahoo.com | www.nis.gov.kh/nada |
Metadata production
KHM-NIS-CSES-1997-v11
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lay Sophat | NIS | Supervisor |
| Saint Lundy | NIS | Quality Control |
2009-09-28
Metadata version
Version 1.2 (July 2010). Revised version of original ddi document.
Version 1.1 (Feb 2010). Revised version of original ddi document.
Version 1.0 (Sep 2009). Original ddi document.